At least on my system, that location is actually mounted to the docker host, so I access it via [email protected]:~/homeassistant (this can be configured individually). The docker container should have a volume set up that associates that location in the container with one elsewhere. Otherwise, you can log into the container and run it from there (not sure how to do this myself, I tend to just use Portainer to access it this way if I need to).
I tried to run the binary from that same mounted volume but it just wouldnāt go⦠I assume some security setting on the docker image.