When posting code to this forum, please be sure to format it properly.
This is the legacy configuration style. It may not be the source of your problem, but I suggest you update to the current standard which would look like this:
command_line:
- sensor:
name: Duschwasser Temperatur
command: 'curl -s http://nodemcu1 | grep -i Duschwasser | cut -c 17-18'
unit_of_measurement: "…C"
Did you restart HA after adding this to configuration.yaml? When adding a new platform you must restart – a quick reload will not load the new section.
You should check the log files for any errors or issues.