Old thread but I had the same issue and managed to figure it out, I think.
Mine was partially not working (WiFi sometimes connected) but then completely WiFi-busted Wemos ESP32C3 board - Wifi not connected to the esp32 module. · Issue #2144 · espressif/arduino-esp32 · GitHub was the ticket for me, lowering the WiFi power from the default (docs):
wifi:
output_power: 8.5dB
Other threads I went through, in case they’re helpful for anyone else.
- Esphome fails to connect to wifi after update - #8 by sd_dracula
- OLED Screen interference seems to be the cause of "Auth Expired" or "Probe Request Unsuccessful" · Issue #1329 · esphome/issues · GitHub
- WLAN connection not possible · Issue #2693 · esphome/issues · GitHub
Those seem to point to interference, though I kind of suspect a power issue since, thinking back - it might have only worked when plugged directly into my computer with USB-C vs USB-A.