I have a msata ssd on a board (v850) attached with usb and work great. fully running on ssd without sdcard for months
Thanks you saved my day. 
I bought an Intenso 3823430 Portable SSD 128GB (do not buy, not recommended for Pi 4) which uses a JMicron chip.
Bus 002 Device 003: ID 152d:0579 JMicron Technology Corp. / JMicron USA Technology Corp. Portable SSD
The system failed to boot 2 out of 3 times. I encountered strange error messages etc. after hours of searching I found your post. Adding
usb-storage.quirks=152d:0579:u
to /boot/cmdline.txt fixed all my issues.
Thank YOU!
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Posting my device ID so others can find this in the future.
USB-C 2.5" case ORICO 2588US3-V1-BK-BP announces itself as:
Bus 004 Device 014: ID 0080:a001 Unknown JMS578 based SATA bridge
Adding below to cmdline.txt
usb-storage.quirks=0080:a001:u
solved the problem.