The id of sensor is right as the value_template value gets formatted correctly in the Developer tools → Template editor. The yaml is valid and reloads fine. Is there something wrong I don’t see?
Also you should supply a default value for your float filter, an availability template, and a device class (for icon and unit adjustment) and possibly a state class (for long term statistics).
template:
- sensor:
- name: "SDC30 Adjusted Temperature"
unit_of_measurement: "°C"
device_class: temperature
state_class: measurement # only include this if you want long term statistics
state: "{{ states('sensor.sdc30_temperature') | float(0) - 3.0 }}"
availability: "{{ states('sensor.sdc30_temperature') | is_number }}"