As far as I know you can’t do this without some non-persistent workaround.
With a Supervised or Container installation you could run any amount of additional docker stacks.
Maybe I found a solution. I was able to create a (docker) volume with Portainer and bind it to a path in the container. I don’t know where the volume is stored, it has a mount path /mnt/data/docker/volumes/fhem_vol/_data. I guess this is a path in the Host OS? When I look on my Pi with the SSH Addon there is nothing in mnt.
So I don’t understand how but there is persistence now.
I just figured out that volumes can be mounted with the following base path: /mnt/data/supervisor/ following the default paths like addons backup config media share ssl