That error indicates that you are missing a component that is normally installed without your knowledge (platformio/Arduino/ESP-IDF). That process normally works fine, but sometimes something gets messed up. When that happens to me I usually rename/delete the folder that platformio uses to install its components. That causes it to redownload them all, which generally fixes the issue.
You just need to figure out which folder to delete, which depends on how it is installed. This is part of the reason I always install esphome (standalone) on a different computer from HA. It makes it much easier to fix these types of issues.
That depends on how your install of esphome places things. Your log didn’t provide much of a clue. You also need to have access to the file system and know how to delete things safely.
HA tries to make things easy. That mostly works, until it doesn’t. When then happens the fact that it has hidden the complexity makes it even harder to understand.
If you are using the builder add-on, I can’t help, since I don’t use that.
