Confused - this is a CM4 Lite (no eMMC) and a NVMe SSD which has been zeroed with dd, and the install still failed!
That only leaves the CM4 Lite firmware or HASSOS (which probably has had more testing on CM4 with 2Gb of eMMC - part of the kit).
Can you boot with RPi OS on USB? This includes a firmware update tool (can’t remember if it is fpwupd?) for CM4, but this is clutching at straws unless there’s hardware troubles with the SSD (odd incompatibility?).
The first partition list looks very similar to my CM4 2Gb eMMC layout - boot, 2x kernel, data. Moving the datadisk changes hassos-data-old, and moves hassos-data.
Not sure what the second partition list is - fat32 is sometimes used for boot, but one large unlabeled ext4 is odd. Was that a wierdly resized install image perhaps?
An interesting post mentions the wrong image disabled USB ports for power saving - as my Yellow was the kit, it was pre-installed, so not seen this personally.
Try a different install image? 