Template syntax docs and examples

I have a working system, plenty of sensors, some automations, and some service calls. All this gleaned from poring through the postings on this site.

I still struggle greatly with templating syntax. When do you use value_template vs simply value? What are the carat symbols I see frequently used ie. >, >-, etc.? When to use brackets and single or double quotes?

Is there additional documentation regarding this other than the link to Jinja at the top on the template page in Dev Tools?

Thanks for any guidance. The community really makes HA a going concern.