Now I tried to figure out, how to change this via an own theme.
As far as I understood this, it should be possible, to overwrite the setting for the font size.
So I found out, that the attribute is current-temperature-font-size: which works well for my panel, when it is set to 35px.
Now I did that:
in my ui-lovelace.yaml:
- type: thermostat
# Thermostat Bad
name: Bad
entity: climate.hmccrtdn_meq1559436
theme: thermostat-smallfont