Is state_attr('sensor.agenda_bart','Vandaag_Events')[0].end a datetime object or a datetime string?
You can determine this using the following in the Template Editor:
{{ state_attr('sensor.agenda_bart','Vandaag_Events')[0].end is datetime }}
If it returns true, it’s a datetime object.
#For a datetime object
{{ (state_attr('sensor.agenda_bart','Vandaag_Events')[0].end - timedelta(hours=1)).strftime("%H:%M") }}
#For a datetime string
{{ (state_attr('sensor.agenda_bart','Vandaag_Events')[0].end|as_datetime|as_local - timedelta(hours=1)).strftime("%H:%M") }}
#The `as_local` may not be necessary if the string already includes tz data.