Hello,
I see similar issues around but none exactly the same as I have. I found a situation in which a database migration was partially successful with incorrect fields. However, in my case, upgrading to home assistant core 2024.8 and then 2024.8.1 triggered database migration, that took about 20 hours and failed. Following the linked Github thread showed me that I do not even have schema_version rows 44 or 45 as I should according to the versions 2024.8 and 2024.8.1 respectively.
I am running HA in Synology VM and database in Synology MariaDB package. I do not see anything related in the log.